How To Stress Syllables in Japanese Pronunciation

For non-native Japanese speakers, learning the cadence of the spoken language can be very challenging.  Japanese has a pitch accent or musical accent, which can sound like a monotone to a new speakers ear. It is quite different from the stress accent found in English, other European languages and some Asian languages. This different accent system is also why Japanese speakers often struggle with putting the accent on the correct syllables when learning English.   A stress accent pronounces the syllable louder and holds it longer. English speakers speed up between accented syllables without really thinking about it, as a habit. But the pitch accent is based on the two relative pitch levels of high and low. Each syllable is pronounced with equal length, and each word has its own determined pitch and only one accent summit. Japanese sentences are constructed so that when spoken, the words sound almost like a melody, ​with rising and falling pitches. Unlike Englishs uneven, often halting rhythm, when spoken correctly Japanese sounds like a steadily flowing stream, particularly to the trained ear. The origin of the Japanese language has been a mystery to linguists for some time. Although it bears some similarities to Chinese, borrowing some Chinese characters in its written form, many linguists consider Japanese and so-called Japonic languages (most of which are considered dialects) to be a language isolate. Regional Japanese Dialects Japan has many regional dialects (hogen), and the  different dialects all have different accents. In Chinese, dialects (Mandarin, Cantonese, etc) vary so widely that speakers of different dialects are not able to understand each other.   But in Japanese, there are usually no  communication problems among people of different dialects since everybody understands standard Japanese (hyoujungo, a dialect spoken in Tokyo). In most cases, accentuation doesnt make a difference in the meaning of the words, and the Kyoto-Osaka dialects dont differ from Tokyo dialects in their vocabularies.   The one exception is the Ryukyuan versions of Japanese, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands. While most Japanese speakers consider these to be dialects of the same language, these varieties may not be easily understood by those who speak Tokyo dialects. Even among the Ryukyuan dialects, there may be difficulty understanding each other. But the official stance of the Japanese government is that the Ryukyuan languages represent dialects of standard Japanese and are not separate languages.   Pronunciation of Japanese The pronunciation of Japanese is relatively easy compared with other aspects of the language. However, it requires an understanding of Japanese sounds, pitch accent, and intonation to sound like a native speaker. It also takes time and patience, and its easy to get frustrated. The best way to learn how to speak Japanese is to listen to the spoken language and try to imitate the way native speakers say and pronounce words.  A non-native speaker who focuses too much on the spelling or writing of Japanese without taking into account the pronunciation will have difficulty learning how to sound authentic.

The Battle of Savannah in the American Revolution

The Battle of Savannah was fought September 16 to October 18, 1779, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). In 1778, the British commander in chief in North America, Major General Sir Henry Clinton, began to shift the focus of the conflict to the southern colonies. This change in strategy was driven by a belief that Loyalist support in the region was significantly stronger than in the North and would facilitate its recapture. The campaign would be the second major British effort in the region as Clinton had attempted to capture Charleston, SC in June 1776, but had failed when Admiral Sir Peter Parkers naval forces were repulsed by fire from Colonel William Moultries men at Fort Sullivan. The first move of the new British campaign was the capture of Savannah, GA. To accomplish this,  Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell was dispatched south with a force of around 3,100 men.   Armies Commanders French American Major General Benjamin LincolnVice Admiral Comte dEstaing42 ships, 5,052 men British Brigadier General Augustine Prevost3,200 men Invading Georgia Reaching Georgia, Campbell was to be joined by a column moving north from St. Augustine led by Brigadier General Augustine Prevost. Landing at Girardeaus Plantation on December 29, Campbell brushed aside American forces. Pushing towards Savannah, he flanked and routed another American force and captured the city. Joined by Prevost in mid-January 1779, the two men began raiding the interior as well as mounted an expedition against Augusta. Establishing outposts in the region, Prevost also sought to recruit local Loyalists to the flag. Allied Movements Through the first half of 1779, Prevost and his American counterpart at Charleston, SC, Major General Benjamin Lincoln, conducted minor campaigns in the territory between the cities. Though eager to regain Savannah, Lincoln understood that the city could not be liberated without naval support. Utilizing their alliance with France, the American leadership was able to persuade Vice Admiral Comte dEstaing to bring a fleet north later that year. Completing a campaign in the Caribbean which saw him capture St. Vincent and Grenada, dEstaing sailed for Savannah with 25 ships of the line and around 4,000 infantry. Receiving word of dEstaings intentions on September 3, Lincoln commenced making plans to march south as part of a joint operation against Savannah. The Allies Arrive In support of the French fleet, Lincoln departed Charleston on September 11 with around 2,000 men. Caught off guard by the appearance of French ships off Tybee Island, Prevost directed Captain James Moncrief to enhance Savannahs fortifications. Utilizing African American slave labor, Moncrief constructed an array of earthworks and redoubts on the outskirts of the city. These were reinforced with guns taken from HMS Fowey (24 guns) and HMS Rose (20). On September 12, dEstaing began landing around 3,500 men at Beaulieus Plantation on the Vernon River. Marching north to Savannah, he contacted Prevost, he demanded that he surrender the city. Playing for time, Prevost requested and was granted a 24-hour truce to consider his situation. During this time, he recalled Colonel John Maitlands troops at Beaufort, SC to reinforce the garrison. The Siege Begins Incorrectly believing that Lincolns approaching column would deal with Maitland, dEstaing made no effort to guard the route from Hilton Head Island to Savannah. As a result, no American or French troops blocked Maitlands route and he reached the city safely before the truce ended. With his arrival, Prevost formally declined to surrender. On September 23, dEstaing and Lincoln began siege operations against Savannah. Landing artillery from the fleet, French forces commenced a bombardment on October 3. This proved largely ineffective as its brunt fell on the city rather than the British fortifications. Though standard siege operations most likely would have ended in victory, dEstaing became impatient as he was concerned about hurricane season and an increase in scurvy and dysentery in the fleet. A Bloody Failure Despite protests from his subordinates, dEstaing approached Lincoln regarding assaulting the British lines. Dependent on the French admirals ships and men for continuing the operation, Lincoln was forced to agree. For the assault, dEstaing planned to have Brigadier General Isaac Huger make a feint against the southeastern part of the British defenses while the bulk of the army struck further west. The focus of the assault was to be the Spring Hill redoubt which he believed to be manned by Loyalist militia. Unfortunately, a deserter informed Prevost of this and the British commander moved veteran forces to the area. Advancing just after dawn on October 9, Hugers men were bogged down and failed to create a meaningful diversion. At Spring Hill, one of the allied columns became mired in a swamp to the west and was forced to turn back. As a result, the assault lacked its intended force. Surging forward, the first wave met heavy British fire and took significant losses. In the course of the fighting, dEstaing was hit twice and American cavalry commander Count Casimir Pulaski was mortally wounded. The second wave of French and American troops had more success and some, including those led by Lieutenant Colonel Francis Marion, reached the top of the wall. In fierce fighting, the British succeeded in driving the attackers back while inflicting heavy casualties. Unable to break through, French and American troops fell back after an hour of fighting. Regrouping, Lincoln later desired to attempt another assault but was overruled by dEstaing. Aftermath Allied losses at the Battle of Savannah numbered 244 killed, 584 wounded, and 120 captured, while Provosts command suffered 40 killed, 63 wounded, and 52 missing. Though Lincoln pressed to continue the siege, dEstaing was unwilling to further risk his fleet. On October 18, the siege was abandoned and dEstaing departed the area. With the French departure, Lincoln retreated back to Charleston with his army. The defeat was a blow to the newly established alliance and greatly encouraged the British in furthering their southern strategy. Sailing south the following spring, Clinton laid siege to Charleston in March. Unable to break out and with no relief expected, Lincoln was compelled to surrender his army and the city that May.

Creating Peace Through Non Violence Free Essays

In Martin Luther King Junior’s essay â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† and Aung San Suu Kyi’s essay â€Å"Freedom from Fear†, they discuss the importance of non-violent action in order to end political conflicts. In the speech â€Å"A Just and Lasting Peace† Barack Obama explains the effects of war and the ways in which non-violence can create a just and lasting peace. According to King, in order to create opportunities for negotiating about unjust laws, non-violent action may be necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Creating Peace Through Non Violence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Violence is never the long term solution to any problem. This is why non-violent action is so powerful. Suu Kyi discusses why society must be able to liberate their minds from apathy and fear in order to overcome a corrupt government. Fear causes corruption in government and corruption in society. In order to restore a corrupt government and society, the citizens must find courage, because courage is the only way to overcome corruption. According to Barack Obama, in order to create a just and lasting peace we must find alternatives to violence. War promises human tragedy. In most cases the cost of war outweighs the benefits. Non-violent direct action, freedom from fear, and alternatives to violence will fix corrupt governments and will create lasting peace by forcing a national awareness of injustices; without political pressure there cannot be a lasting peace. Non-violent direct action will create opportunities for negotiating unjust laws. During the civil rights movement, racial discrimination impacted the lives of many African Americans. Racial segregation laws became the main target for civil rights activists like Martin Luther King, Jr. According to King, â€Å"in any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: (1) collection of the facts to determine whether injustices are alive; (2) negotiation; (3) self-purification; and (4) direct action† (King 576). In the first step you must be able to identify an issue which requires non-violent action. After you identify an issue you must negotiate with a political leader in order to solve this problem. If this does not create a solution to the problem direct action may be necessary. The purpose of non-violent direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will open the door to negotiation. King believes that violence will only prolong the issues in society and the only effective way to create lasting change is to pressure political leaders through non-violent action. According to King, there are two types of laws: a just law and an unjust law. â€Å"An unjust law is a code that a majority inflicts on a minority that is not binding on itself. A just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow that it is willing to follow itself† (King 580). Unjust laws create corruption among societies. In order to overcome these unjust laws one must be willing to break them. By disobeying unjust laws, and accepting the penalties which come with it, in reality you are â€Å"expressing the very highest respect for law† (King 580). This act of civil disobedience will put significant pressure on politics in order to force a change. Many peaceful protests were used in order to bring awareness to level of police brutality during the civil rights movement. After witnessing countless African Americans being attacked by malicious police officers while peacefully protesting, a national awareness pressured segregation laws out of existence. In order to build a civilized society which provides basic human rights, citizens must be fearless of their government. According to Aung San Suu Kyi, there are four kinds of corruption: â€Å"corruption induced by desire†, â€Å"revenge†, â€Å"ignorance†, and â€Å"fear† (Suu Kyi 682). Fear, unlike the rest, is the root of all evil. Power doesn’t lead to corruption, fear does. The fear of â€Å"losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it† (Suu Kyi 682). In order to overcome fear in a corrupt government, each and everyone must make sacrifices in order to possess courage. In a society where fear is an integral part of everyday existence, it is not easy to remain uncorrupt. It is the obligation of the people to stay strong and uphold principles of justice. Without fear one can overcome any obstacle, but the second fear returns it is difficult to reach your goals. In order for these ordinary people to create a society which promotes â€Å"the basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled†, they must discover that â€Å"freedom from fear stands out as both a means and an end† (Suu Kyi 684). When a society is able to stand together and liberate their minds from apathy and fear, they will truly achieve freedom. They will have the courage to challenge their corrupt government and create a government where the people possess the power. The non-violent way of overcoming a corrupt government is to overcome fear. In a world filled with war, genocide, and dangerous weapons, we must explore alternatives to violence which will help create just and lasting peace. According to Barack Obama â€Å"there is nothing weak—nothing passive—nothing naive—in the creed and lives of Gandhi and King† (Obama 644). Despite this, Obama believes that war has a role in preserving the peace, but in no way is it the solution to all problems. No matter how justified, war promises human tragedy. Innocent citizens will die along with foreign and U. S soldiers. Wars between nations will give way to wars within nations. Looking back at the past we can see completely different views on war. For most of history â€Å"the capacity of human beings to think up new ways to kill one another proved inexhaustible† (Obama 643). The views on war have significantly evolved over the years due to many evolutionary changes including the addition of the Marshal Plan and the United Nations. Both of these additions have prevented a third world war. By restricting the use of war and weapons, the U. S has improved the balance between peace and violence. According to Obama, there are three ways that we can build a just and lasting peace. We must develop â€Å"alternatives to violence†, â€Å"human rights†, and â€Å"economic security† (Obama 648). Alternatives to violence will help the United States build peaceful relationships between foreign countries which will prevent future wars. Human rights are essential for maintaining a peace among the U. S citizens. Economic security will improve the standard of living in the United States and it will unite the peoples trust in the government. By achieving these goals, the U. S can achieve a non-violent means to a lasting peace. Non-violent direct action, freedom from fear, and alternatives to violence are key solutions to overcoming a corrupt government and creating lasting peace. Non-violent direct action may seem like an ineffective way to solve problems in a corrupt government, but according to Martin Luther King, Jr. , it is the only way to fix a corrupt government. Non-violent direct action was a key tactic used during the civil rights movement which ended racial segregation in America. Martin Luther King, Jr. nd other civil rights activists demonstrated non-violent sit-ins and protests which pressured political leaders into negotiating deals which would limit segregation laws. By doing this, the U. S people were able to see the level of police brutality during the civil rights movement. The U. S citizens were able to see how segregation was morally wrong. Non-violent direct action was an effective method used to end racial segregation. Freedom from fear is what Aung San Suu Kyi describes as being a key method to fix a corrupt government. Any society which is controlled by fear often possesses some level of corruption within its government. In order to overcome a corrupt government, you must liberate your minds of apathy and fear. When a whole society is able to come together and build a sense of courage among the people, that society will have what is needed to overcome a corrupt government. Barack Obama describes the importance of finding alternatives to violence. In order to create a lasting peace, you must first have peace. As a nation, the United States is striving towards peace whether it’s on foreign or domestic land. Many wars have been fought in order to create peace, but as long as there is war there will never be lasting peace. The solution to this problem is complex, but it starts with us finding alternatives to violence. War will not solve any issues. It simply prolongs and complicates foreign conflicts. When the U. S government creates peace treaties instead of wars, then and only then will we see a glimpse of lasting peace. Works Cited King, Martin Luther, Jr. â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail. † Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , 12 Apr. 1963. Print. Obama, Barack. â€Å"A Just and Lasting Peace. † The Nobel Foundation, n. d. Print. 2009. Suu Kyi, Aung San. â€Å"Freedom from Fear. † Micheal Aris, 1995. Print. How to cite Creating Peace Through Non Violence, Essay examples

Ms Word 2010 free essay sample

REFERENCE TAB: In this article we will show you how to create a reference list using Word 2010. We will also show you how to share you reference with your peers and how to create your own customized reference style. Creating References Microsoft Reference function is accessible from the reference tab. Word 2010 comes with a list of default referencing style. Choose the referencing style that you want to use. Click on the ‘Insert Citation’ button to open the add citation window. Word 2010 allow us to add different source type such as ‘Journal Article’ for our essay. Click on the insert citation button to view a list of your citation and click any of them to create an inline citation in your essay. You can create a bibliography page by clicking on the ‘Bibliography’ button. Sharing Your Reference List Microsoft Word 2010 save your references under %APPDATA%MicrosoftBibliographySources. xml. Open your command line and type echo %APPDATA%. We will write a custom essay sample on Ms Word 2010 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This will show you where windows store your APPDATA. In my case Microsoft Word 2010 store my reference list under C:UserszainulAppDataRoamingMicrosoftBibliographySources. xml. Remember that this file will not exist unless you create a reference list. You can copy this XML file to use your references in different computers. You can also copy other references into this XML file. We advise that you should back up Source. xml file periodically so you will not loose your reference list. To merge other references into your reference list just copy any entry inside the b:source into the other Source. xml file. Just make sure that the b:Tag contains a unique value. Creating Custom Reference Style We can create our own referencing style by creating custom XSL files under ‘C:Program FilesMicrosoft OfficeOffice14BibliographyStyle’. For those with exceptional XSL skills you can read  Microsoft Word 2010 blog  to learn how to create custom referencing style. One of the challenge in creating our own XSL file for Microsoft word is that the XSL file itself is quite complicated and it might just be more productive to download a set of custom reference style from  bibword  and place the content of the zip file under ‘C:Program FilesMicrosoft OfficeOffice14BibliographyStyle’ and restart your Microsoft Word. You should see some new reference style from your Word 2010. MAILINGS TAB: Word 2010  includes  Mail Merge  feature, which enables user to create documents (Letter, Emails, Fax etc) that are essentially the same but contains unique elements such as recipient Name, Address, Contact No, City, State, etc. It helps user to create a document for multiple recipients more easily by just selecting recipient names and choosing the document. Personal details of the respective recipient will be automatically added in the document which prevents users to write each recipient’s personal info in every document, eventually saving a lot of time. This post will cover how to use this feature through a simple wizard. Launch Word 2010, navigate to  Mailings  tab, and from  Start  Mail  Merge  options, click  Step by Step Mail Merge Wizard. This will bring up  Mail Merge  dialog at the side of the Word document window, here you can specify type of document you want to create, we will select  Letters,  click  Next:Starting document  from the bottom of the dialog. In this step, you will be provided with different options to create Letters, we will choose simple procedure by selecting by template. Click  Select template. This will bring up  Select template  dialog, choose a suitable template. We will be using  Median Lettertemplate. Click  OK  to continue. At the left side of the window you can see the template is imported into document, from right-pane, clickNext: Select recipients. In this step, you can choose different options to import  recipient  list, we will select an existing list, hit Browse to import desired recipients list. We will be using recipients list created in  Excel 2010. The name of the worksheet is  Mail, which we will import in to Word  Mail Merge. Choose an Excel worksheet, click  Open  to import. Select Table  dialog will appear, now choose the worksheet which contains required data, if first row contains column headings, then enable  First row of data contains column headers  option, and click  OK. You will see the  Mail  worksheet in the  Mail Merge Recipients  dialog. Here you can filter down the recipients on the basis of column headings. If we want to send letters to the recipients living in city  Akron. We will select Akron from  City  drop-down options. Upon click, it will show only the recipients living in Akron. Here you can also perform different actions over the list such as;  Sort, Filter, Find duplicates, Find recipients,  and  validate address. Click  OK  to proceed further. Now navigate to  Mailings  tab, and click  Address  Block. You will reach  Insert Address Block  dialog, from  Specify address elements,  choose format in which you want to show recipient name. Under  Preview  you can see the preview of the changes that affects. UnderCorrect problems, click Match Fields  to insert new field in the letter, as we want to include address of the recipient. Match Fields dialog will appear, now from  Address 1  options select Street. That will include the name of the street. You can also include other fields if required. Click  OK  to continue. You will see the address is added in to the format as shown the screenshot below. Click  OK  to continue. Now we will customize the greeting message, for that navigate to  Mailings  tab, and click  Greeting Line. In  Insert Greeting Line  dialog, you can choose desired greeting format from  Greeting Line format. UnderGreeting line for invalid recipient names  choose the format for unknown recipients. Under Preview, it show the preview of of the changes you made. Click  OK  to continue. Now to make  AddressBlock  more prominent, navigate to  Home  and apply color and font styles over it. Navigate to  Mailings  tab, and from  Finish Merge  menu, click  Edit Individual Documents. It will bring  Merge to  New  Document  dialog, you can choose  Current record,  we will select  All  to view all the recipients. Click  OK  to show the letter of each recipient. Now as you can see in the screenshot below, Mail Merge created letters of each recipients residing in city Akron with their respective street names.