Social Injustices Of The United States - 885 Words

Social injustices People always praise our world is beautiful and peaceful, but they ignore the injustices still exist and some of them without good solutions. Although people believe social injustices are unfair and will bring pain and tear, they are used to treating them as air because they never experience these unequal things. Likewise, the discrimination occurs both in upper class and regular class between Puerto Ricans and Mexicans. For example, there was an obvious discrimination happened in the speech of the Republican nomination for president election. At that time, Donald Trump, who was one of the speakers, believed that force illegal immigrants repatriation can be the best way to make America great again. Because Mr. Trump recognized these immigrants only bring drugs and crimes to the U.S., and they occupied a large number of jobs which made the unemployment rate increasing currently. In addition, he said if he becomes the president, he will declared three principals and two of them can be social injustices. Firstly, America has to build a wall across the U.S.-Mexico border that stowaway cannot enter America illegally. Secondly, the laws must be fully enforced illegal immigrants to go back to Mexico. In addition, Mr. Tramp is not the only person who gets rise to injustices, but the social injustices and discrimination also happened in various aspects. Voting right is different between Puerto Ricans and the U.S. Citizens. Moreover, Puerto Ricans have no rights toShow MoreRelatedSocial Injustices Of The United States1535 Words   |  7 Pagesthis success she was able to step back and look at the social injustices being committed in the United States clearly, without being blinded by the hardships and the tragedies of being a poor immigrant. Throughout Hilda’s Autobiography, as well as throughout history, an immigrant woman in the United States faced extensive discrimination as well as vast and often unjust limitations on their inalienable rights as citizens of the United States. Many immigrants, especially women, were heavily discriminatedRead MoreSocial Injustices Of The United States Essay1785 Words   |  8 PagesAs a country in the past couple years we have had growing occurrences of social injustices. Racism seemed to be a major component behind many of these instances. This really came to light in the events that took place in Ferguson, Missouri and yet again resurfacing most recently in North Charleston, South Carolina. An unarmed African American man who, although was resisting arrest, was needlessly gunned down by a Caucasian police officer from a very close distance (Fantz). This is not even the firstRead MoreSocial Injustice of Classism in the United States Essay613 Words   |  3 Pagesinstitutions themselves. We must look at those policies, initiatives, and programs that must be put in place to help education become more inclusive and accepting of all students and which are effective in fighting against the social injustice of classism. Policies In the United States there are in place laws which have been designed to protect against the oppression and discrimination found in our country associated with many of the â€Å"isms† - racism, sexism, and ageism. There are also laws to protect theRead MoreThe Book Of The Harvest Of Empire By Juan Gonzalez1379 Words   |  6 Pageswere treated with great injustice. Whenever they fly to the United States, and see their passports, my grandparents and my parents were treated completely different than American citizens were treated. There are a lot of definitions for the word injustice, but for me this word means the lack of rights and respect between an individual and society. In the book of The Harvest of Empire by Juan Gonzalez, illustrate two major Latin American groups that face social injustice. The Mexicans and PuertoRead MoreNon Systemic Testimonial Injustice By Miranda Fricker1287 Words   |  6 Pages Non-systemic Testimonial Injustice In Testimonial Injustice by Miranda Fricker, she identifies that there are systemic testimonial injustices and they relate to a common prejudice towards the speaker. Fricker uses the term testimonial injustice, which is an injustice to someone whom is unjustly perceived by others to have less knowledge than he/she actually has. An example of a systemic testimonial injustice would be the accent of a speaker, causing the speaker to receive a credibility deficitRead MoreThe Harvest Of Empire By Juan Gonzalez1376 Words   |  6 Pageswere treated with great injustice. Whenever they flew to the United States, and the policeman saw their passports, my grandparents and parents were treated completely different than American citizens. There are a lot of definitions for the word injustice, but for me this word means the lack of rights and respect between an individual and society. In the book of The Harvest of Empire by Juan Gonzalez, it illustrates two major Latin American groups that fa ce social injustice. The Mexicans and PuertoRead MoreThe s Framework Of Structural Injustice Essay1460 Words   |  6 Pagesplant. There has been an increasing trend of discrimination towards the migrant workers with the plant and the surrounding areas. This essay will apply Iris Marion Young’s framework of structural injustice to the case of Solvay. Structures defined by Iris Marion Young refers to the relationship of social positions to the conditions of the opportunities and life prospects of the persons located in such positions. This specific positioning occurs because of the way that actions and interactions reinforceRead MoreInterview With Mary Robinson Is The Former President Of Ireland And The United Nations Human Rights Commissioner1201 Words   |  5 PagesMai Hamad WGST 205 Final paper May 12th 2017 Interview with Mary Robinson Mary Robinson is the former president of Ireland and the United Nations Human Rights Commissioner. In a recent interview with Rachel Martin of npr.org, titled How Human Rights Efforts and The Fight Against Climate Change Are Related, Mary Robinson discusses how the global climate and the way that we treat each other has changed from an environment of global cooperation to a much more hostile and less cooperative environmentRead More Social Injustice for African Americans in Toni Morrisons Novel, Jazz674 Words   |  3 PagesSocial Injustice for African Americans in Toni Morrisons Novel, Jazz Jazz, a novel by Toni Morrison, explores many different aspects of African American life in the early part of the twentieth century. This novel tells a story of the difficulties faced by black families living in the United States. Toni Morrison describes in detail a few of the upsetting situations they had to face. She also subtly throughout the book places one or two lines that tell a tale of injustice. Jazz is a novel filledRead MoreSocial Injustices Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch more popular, however in most states there is still one thing stopping them. That one thing stopping two people from the pursuit of happiness which they desire is a social injustice. Social injustices are situations where a person or group of people is treated unfairly due to certain factors for example discrimination, prejudice, racism, heterosexism, sexism, and so forth. In the case of same sex marriages, the factor playing a major role in this social injustice is where most people believe that

Premature Baby Free Essays

string(46) " was conducted while kangaroo care procedure\." A new medical practice for premature babies -Touching or No Touching- In the world, more than 300 thousand people are born in a day, but 10 percent of them are born as premature babies. The premature birth rate has increased by about 36 percent since the early 1980s, and many of them have died. Fortunately the good news is that the survival rate of the preterm has increased remarkably due to improvements in neonatology, such as using incubator transport. We will write a custom essay sample on Premature Baby or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, compared with in utero transport, incubator transport, based on separation between with mother and infants, is not natural thing, and it still has risks. Incubator transport for preterm still has some known disadvantages including infant instability by lack of adequate systems for securing the infant, and separation of mother and infant. Even though it has some risk, it has been known as an optimal practice for care of extensible number of premature infants. According to Statehealthfacts. org, in the United States in 2009, there were 502,306 preterm births born. This is 12. 2% of births in the United States, 2009. Table. 1 Number of births, number of preterm births, and preterm births as a percent of all births in the United States 2009 Normal full term babies are born at 38 weeks. Babies born before 37 weeks are defined as premature babies, and those born between 24 and 29 weeks are ‘extremely premature’. They usually have less weight than 1. 5kg (3. 3lb). And all babies born with less than standard birth weight, 2. 1kg (4lb) are at risk. Therefore, babies born early need special care and monitoring to help them to gain weight. To reduce disadvantages of incubators and improve care preterm babies, ‘Kangaroo care,’ a new medical practice for preterm babies, was introduced and being conducted in some united states medical facilities. Kangaroo care is also known as kangaroo mother care, kangaroo baby care, and skin to skin care. Although the name varies, the concept is that holding an infant, naked except for a diaper and hat, against the bare chest of an adult for the purpose of providing the infant with a natural thermal environmental, nurturing touch, and enhanced opportunity to breast-feed. â€Å"Although numerous studies have explored the value of kangaroo care for premature or stressed newborns, the literature informing the effects of kangaroo care to people is scarce† the study by Janice Collisons said. Mostly, the incubator as a present medical system is being used. The current predominant model of neonatal stabilization like incubators involves placing the infant in an open warmer immediately after delivery. This practice immediately separates the mother and infant during a crucial period of extra uterine adaptation, and may be a venue for delayed neonatal physiological adaptation, reduced breast-feeding, and impaired maternal infant bonding. The goal of my research is to know the benefits of kangaroo care as a stabilization method for preterm infants, and to figure out how it contributes the health of infants. In March of 2010, a mother gave birth to a premature infant son, named Jamie. She was told that the baby had died despite the best efforts of the medical staff. She was given a chance to hold and cuddle him on her chest in order to say goodbye. When placed on her chest, his breath began coming in short bursts, and his parents and the medical staffs were astonished when Jamie opened his eyes with stable breathing. Jamie is now a normal active 2 year old boy. What this mother and child experienced is kangaroo care because it is similar to the same care a baby kangaroo receives in its mother’s pouch. Doctor, Susan Ludington says â€Å"many people don’t understand this situation, but there are eight reports of other babies revived by kangaroo care. The mother can stimulate the baby to live. I think the Kangaroo care helped† In fact, this method had been used in Colombia. Due to increasing mortality rates in Bogota, Colombia, in 1978, Dr. Edgar Rey introduced kangaroo care to alleviate the shortage of caregivers and lack of incubators. This care was found to be an inexpensive and very beneficial experience to babies in Bogota, Colombia. The mortality rate finally fell to 30 percent from 70 percent. Most studies have proven that Kangaroo care has positive impacts on babies and their parents; some studies have proven there is no change; but no study has proven that kangaroo care has hurt either parent or baby. By offering it to newborns, they have a stable heart rate, more regular breathing, improved oxygen saturation levels, no stress, longer periods of sleep, more rapid weight gain, and earlier hospital discharge. The first benefit of the kangaroo care is that preterm babies can have longer periods of sleep. Researchers have come a long way in determining the major cause of colic. The common conclusion in 1999 is that colic is caused by a baby’s inability to transition from one sleep state to another – like from an alert state into a sleep state and back again. Kangaroo care performed in a quiet, low light environment with any baby has been proven to reduce crying and help the baby learn to transition from one sleep state to another. A study done by Patricia Messmer in 1997 found a significant increase in sleep time for the neonates during Kangaroo care. The kangaroo care can relieve the pain of preterm babies during treatment such as blood test, injection of medication, and several physical tests which give significant pain to the babies. Because the premature babies are really vulnerable to surroundings, doctors need to take blood samples to check their health every day. They usually take 3cc amount of blood from the babies. The volume of blood drawn (3cc) from babies is proportionate to that drawn (400cc) from adults. How painful it is for the babies to stand. The experiment that measured the pain level to premature babies from the blood test was conducted while kangaroo care procedure. You read "Premature Baby" in category "Papers" The result of the experiment showed that the babies felt less pain when they were on mother’s chest. According to the article ‘Kangaroo care is effective in diminishing pain response in preterm neonates’, it concludes ‘Kangaroo care was effective in significantly decreasing pain response on the behavioral components of a validated composite measure of pain in preterm babies. Given the many invasive procedures that are part of clinical care in preterm babies, KC may be a safe analgesic alternative in neonates in whom it is feasible and with mothers who are comfortable providing KC for painful events’ The newest studies that are being done in Sweden and other countries concentrate on full term babies in respiratory distress. They take these babies, who would normally be put on respirators, and place them on the mom’s chest immediately after birth in the Kangaroo Care position. Babies stayed on mom until the respiratory distress was gone – within 48 hours for most babies. Oxygen hoods and cannulas (small tubes) were used if needed. In preterm babies, the effects of Kangaroo Care on these functions are just as dramatic. In 1998, Dr. Susan found a four-fold decrease in apnea during Kangaroo Care and ventilated babies were able to tolerate transfer and position changes without increased oxygen requirements. In 1997, GM Cleary, et al concluded there was no increase in bradycardia(slow heart rate –below 60 beats per min) episodes during Kangaroo Care. In 1998, Gay Gale and Kathleen Vandenburg concluded that the heart rate was more regular for Kangarooed infants. All-in-all, the baby fared much better when placed in Kangaroo Care. â€Å"With my own ventilated preemie (1 pound 12 ounces at birth) I noticed a 50% reduction in oxygen requirements, no apneas, more stable heart rate, and more spontaneous respiration when I held her skin-to-skin. † Holly Richardson concluded that more rapid weight gain was observed in Kangarooed infants. Kangaroo care allows the baby to fall into a deep sleep by conserving their energy for far more important things. This increased weight gain also leads to shorter hospital stays. Kangarooed infants can have as much as a 50% shorter hospital stay than babies who are not kangarooed. This means less expense for the parents and children. In 1990, Dr. Susan Ludington demonstrated that mothers showed thermal synchrony with their babies. A recent study placed babies in Kangaroo Care position on the mother’s chest and temperatures were taken periodically of both the mother’s chest and the baby. The study revealed that when the baby got cold, the mother’s body temperature would increase to ‘warm’ the baby up. The reverse was also true. Given a suggestion of â€Å"Your baby looks warm to me† by a nurse, the mother’s chest temperature would decrease within minutes to compensate. Extra blankets and monitoring of baby’s temperature might be needed when Dad or others practice Kangaroo Care, but in 1997, Karl Bauer wrote that one hour of skin-to-skin contact (Kangaroo Care) was no cold to preterm infants. In 1998, Papi A Gomez found infants in Kangaroo Care for more than 50 minutes were 8 times more likely to breast feed spontaneously. Kangaroo Care allows for easy access to the breast, and the skin-to-skin contact increases milk let-down. A receiving blanket, strategically placed to catch extra milk is extremely helpful – especially if the baby is unable to breast feed. Otherwise, some doctors argue that there is risk of a bacterial infection if vulnerable infants come out from incubators. However, by using kangaroo care the immunity of premature babies is built up so they are not easily affected by any bacterial infection. Why? It’s because of the breast milk, containing lymphocytes and macrophages that produce antibodies. The kangaroo care facilitates an easy access breast feeding for both moms and babies than incubators. As long as mothers are in good health and can produce healthy breast milk, the premature babies’ immune system will develop. Richardson proposed that brain development is more rapid in the baby who benefits from Kangaroo care. Her research reveals that ‘alpha waves double in a baby being â€Å"kangarooed† versus a baby in an incubator. Alpha waves are the brain wave patterns associated with contentment and bliss. Delta brushes are a pattern formed when tracking brain activity that represents the creation of new neural synapses. Delta brushes are higher during Kangaroo care than during incubator care. ’ Through some cases and studies, kangaroo care can contribute to give an efficient treatment, as well as a miracle revival, to premature infants as long as it comes into wide use in a medical institution rather than using of artificial facilities which give stress to vulnerable infants. These benefits of kangaroo care are basically from mother’s love and communication. The incubator transport may give the stable care to the babies but it’s not perfect and not natural to them. It cannot be compared with mother’s bosom. Some hospitals, combining both this touching system and the incubator, experience the positive results from the kangaroo care. However, there is still a huge lack of the knowledge of the kangaroo care. How to encourage people to know about the kangaroo care? Telling is the best way to spread it out to people. When people become parents with knowledge of the kangaroo care, they may use this touching in their home. It’s easy for every parent to use. Parents should know that their love and touching are what vulnerable babies need, not a cold and impersonal facility. Bibliography Articles Barb Morrison. â€Å"Kangaroo Care: ‘Natures Best for our Little Ones’† (2006) Web Feb 22. 2012 lt;http://www. preciousimagecreations. com/presentations/kangaroocare. pdfgt; Maria Blois. â€Å"Hold Me Close: ‘Encouraging essential mother/baby physical contact’† (2007) Web Feb 22. 2012 lt; http://www. babywearinginternational. org/Blois_research_summary. pdfgt; Dieter Sontheimer. â€Å"Kangaroo Transport Instead of Incubator Transport†(2004) Web Mar 11. 2004 lt; http://pediatrics. aappublications. org/content/113/4/920. full gt; Celeste Johnson. Kangaroo care is effective in diminishing pain response in preterm neonates† (2003) Web Mar 11. 2012 lt; http://archpedi. ama-assn. org/cgi/reprint/157/11/1084 gt; Leornard A. Herzenberg. â€Å"Soluable CD14 enriched in colostrum and milk induces B cell growth and differentiation† (2000) Web Mar 20. 2012 lt;http://www. pnas. org/content/98/2/603. fullgt; Books Lu dington-Hoe. â€Å"Kangaroo Care: The Best You Can Do for Your Premature Infant. † New York: Bantam Books(1993). Web Feb 22. 2012 Bergman. â€Å"Kangaroo Mother Care†. Geddes Productions (2003). Web Feb 22. 2012 Web Mhaire Fraser. Mom Uses Kangaroo Care to Revive Child Pronounced Dead. † Care2 Make a Difference. Web. 22 Feb, 2012 Holly Richardson. â€Å"Kangaroo Care: Why Does It Work? † Midwifery Today. Web. 22 Feb, 2012 Krisanne Larimer. â€Å"Kangaroo Care Benfits† Premature Baby. Web. 22 Feb, 2012 Kaiser Family. â€Å"United States: Number of Birth, 2009† â€Å"United States: Number of Preterm Births, 2009† â€Å"United States: Preterm Births as a Percent of All Births, 2009† Statehealthfacts. org. Web Mar 14, 2012 Jane Sheppard. â€Å"Breastfeeding for a strong immune system†. Web. 20 Mar, 2012 Rebecca M. Pugh. â€Å"Supporting the birth that is right for you†. Web. 20 Mar, 2012 How to cite Premature Baby, Papers

William Blake Example For Students

William Blake Biography Biography William Blake  (1757–1827) English poet, artist and mystic, born in London. His father, a hosier, was a follower of Emanuel *Swedenborg. From the very first he was a highly imaginative child who claimed to see angelic visions. Apprenticed to an engraver (1771–78), he studied briefly with the Royal Academy School and then set up shop in 1784 as a printseller and engraver. His first book of poems, Poetical Sketches (1783), was followed by Songs of Innocence (1789) and Songs of Experience which includes The Tyger (1794), illustrated like all his later books with his own hand-painted engravings. Poems such as The French Revolution (1791) and America (1793) express a temporary political fervour which he did not retain as his views became more and more imbued with mysticism. His mystical and prophetic works include the Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1791), The Book of Urizen (1794), The Book of Los (1795) and many others, printed from his own copper plates and illustrated with his visionary designs. Nearly all his works have a highly individual symbolism, but while his early poems are notable for their simple language and serene brightness, his later works, with their symbolic characters – Urizen, the author of restrictive moral law, Orc in rebellion against him and Los, the captive champion of light – create an atmosphere of gloom and mystery. However, despair is set aside and mutual love and forgiveness of sin offer revived hope of salvation in the epics the Four Zoas (1796–1804), Milton (1804–08) and Jerusalem (1804–20). Some of *Blake’s finest artistic work went into the illustrations for the Book of Job (1820–26) and for Dante’s Divine Comedy (left unfinished at his death). His paintings were ignored by the public but he enjoyed the unfailing support and belief of his wife, the friendship and sometimes the financial help of other artists such as Flaxman and Samuel Palmer and he remained serenely happy until his death. Most modern critics have acknowledged him as a lyrical poet and visionary artist of supreme power.

The Perks of Being a Wallflower Compare and Contrast Essay Example

The Perks of Being a Wallflower Compare and Contrast Essay The book and the movie for The Perks of Being a Wallflower are extremely different, and I believe that the movie is much better than the book. The book is written much differently than the movie. There are lots of scenes that are in the book but not in the movie and that are in the movie not the book. The movie focuses less on the bigger, depressing topics than the book does. The characters in the movie are also much different than they are in the book. Their personalities are very different in the movie than the author described them as in the book.The movie, The Perks of Being a Wallflower, is directed very differently than how the book is written. The book is written in letters that Charlie writes to a friend. In the book, it’s harder to â€Å"get to know† the characters. Charlie describes them very well but it is harder to actually feel like you â€Å"know† the characters. Charlie sometimes narrates the movie, but it is also in 3rd person. Because the movie i s also in 3rd person, you can â€Å"get to know† the characters better. In the movie Charlie also has flashbacks. When he has them he describes himself as â€Å"getting bad again†.Because the book was written in 2nd person, Charlie never had flashbacks. In addition to the book being written differently than the movie, there are many things that were left out of the movie that were in the book. One thing that was in the book but not the movie was when Charlie caught his sister Candace and her boyfriend, Ponytail Derek sleeping together. In the movie they also leave the part out when Charlie drives Candace to get an abortion. Charlie, Sam and Patrick also smoke cigarettes in the book, but they don’t in the movie. One big thing that Charlie did a lot of in the book, but almost none of in the movie was cry.In the book, Charlie cries after he and Sean get in a fight, when Sam kisses him, when he breaks up the fight between Patrick and Brad, and after the dare where P atrick told Charlie to kiss the prettiest girl in the room, while he is dating Mary Elizabeth, and he kisses Sam. In the movie, the only time you see Charlie crying is at the end, when he blacks out and attempts to commit suicide. There are many scenes and details that were in the book, but were left out of the movie, one thing that differentiates the movie from the book, is the change in character’s personalities and the relationships between the characters.In the book, Candace and Charlie seem like they don’t get along extremely well. Like any brother and sister, they fight quite a lot and they get in many arguments. But Candace seems like she is much meaner to him in the book than she is to him in the movie. In the movie Candace is much nicer to Charlie, and just nicer in general. Patrick is quite similar in the movie to how he was in the book, except for his personality. In the book, Patrick seems less carefree and funny. It seems like he is a jokester, but he can also be very serious at times. While in the movie he can’t be taken seriously and he always is trying to lighten the mood.Even when he and Brad were going through a rough spot in their relationship, he was still messing around and cracking jokes. Charlie was the character that is the most different in the book and in the movie. In the book, Charlie is portrayed as weak, nerdy and extremely awkward. But in the movie he is a tougher character and he seems a lot less quiet and shy. One way the movie shows that Charlie is not very weak is how he only cries once at the end. While in the book he cries all the time. The Perks of Being A Wallflower is a good book but a very good movie.If the movie had all of the scenes that the book had in it, the movie would be extremely depressing. The movie was written differently than the book, it was written in 3rd and 2nd person while the book was only written in 2nd. There are very many things that the book had, but the movie did not. Includin g some of the very heavy events and flashbacks that Charlie had. Some of the characters in the book were shown very differently than they were in the movie. After watching the movie and reading the book for The Perks of Being A Wallflower, I believe that the movie is better than the book. The Perks of Being a Wallflower Compare and Contrast Essay Example The Perks of Being a Wallflower Compare and Contrast Paper The book and the movie for The Perks of Being a Wallflower are extremely different, and I believe that the movie is much better than the book. The book is written much differently than the movie. There are lots of scenes that are in the book but not in the movie and that are in the movie not the book. The movie focuses less on the bigger, depressing topics than the book does. The characters in the movie are also much different than they are in the book. Their personalities are very different in the movie than the author described them as in the book.The movie, The Perks of Being a Wallflower, is directed very differently than how the book is written. The book is written in letters that Charlie writes to a friend. In the book, it’s harder to â€Å"get to know† the characters. Charlie describes them very well but it is harder to actually feel like you â€Å"know† the characters. Charlie sometimes narrates the movie, but it is also in 3rd person. Because the movie i s also in 3rd person, you can â€Å"get to know† the characters better. In the movie Charlie also has flashbacks. When he has them he describes himself as â€Å"getting bad again†.Because the book was written in 2nd person, Charlie never had flashbacks. In addition to the book being written differently than the movie, there are many things that were left out of the movie that were in the book. One thing that was in the book but not the movie was when Charlie caught his sister Candace and her boyfriend, Ponytail Derek sleeping together. In the movie they also leave the part out when Charlie drives Candace to get an abortion. Charlie, Sam and Patrick also smoke cigarettes in the book, but they don’t in the movie. One big thing that Charlie did a lot of in the book, but almost none of in the movie was cry.In the book, Charlie cries after he and Sean get in a fight, when Sam kisses him, when he breaks up the fight between Patrick and Brad, and after the dare where P atrick told Charlie to kiss the prettiest girl in the room, while he is dating Mary Elizabeth, and he kisses Sam. In the movie, the only time you see Charlie crying is at the end, when he blacks out and attempts to commit suicide. There are many scenes and details that were in the book, but were left out of the movie, one thing that differentiates the movie from the book, is the change in character’s personalities and the relationships between the characters.In the book, Candace and Charlie seem like they don’t get along extremely well. Like any brother and sister, they fight quite a lot and they get in many arguments. But Candace seems like she is much meaner to him in the book than she is to him in the movie. In the movie Candace is much nicer to Charlie, and just nicer in general. Patrick is quite similar in the movie to how he was in the book, except for his personality. In the book, Patrick seems less carefree and funny. It seems like he is a jokester, but he can also be very serious at times. While in the movie he can’t be taken seriously and he always is trying to lighten the mood.Even when he and Brad were going through a rough spot in their relationship, he was still messing around and cracking jokes. Charlie was the character that is the most different in the book and in the movie. In the book, Charlie is portrayed as weak, nerdy and extremely awkward. But in the movie he is a tougher character and he seems a lot less quiet and shy. One way the movie shows that Charlie is not very weak is how he only cries once at the end. While in the book he cries all the time. The Perks of Being A Wallflower is a good book but a very good movie.If the movie had all of the scenes that the book had in it, the movie would be extremely depressing. The movie was written differently than the book, it was written in 3rd and 2nd person while the book was only written in 2nd. There are very many things that the book had, but the movie did not. Includin g some of the very heavy events and flashbacks that Charlie had. Some of the characters in the book were shown very differently than they were in the movie. After watching the movie and reading the book for The Perks of Being A Wallflower, I believe that the movie is better than the book.

The Wars by Timothy Findley Essay Example

The Wars by Timothy Findley Essay Example The Wars by Timothy Findley Paper The Wars by Timothy Findley Paper Essay Topic: Literature Push Precious Women are a mans mother, sister, daughter, best friend, and lover. A woman can leave a character-altering impression on a man. An unhealthy or devastating relationship between a man and a woman can lead to a strife within himself. In the novel The Wars by Timothy Findley, the role of female characters causes internal conflicts in the male characters. This is made clear through Roberts relationship with his sister Rowena, the acts of Barbara dOrsey, and finally the absence of a close relationship between Robert and his mother. Roberts first recollection of interacting with a woman, focuses on Rowena, his sister. Rowena is the first woman Robert can remember as a child. It is made evident from the beginning of the novel that Roberts relationship with Rowena is very important to him. Rowena suffers from hydrocephalus which puts her life in danger. It is impossible for Robert to be with Rowena all day, everyday. The day of Rowenas death Stuart takes her to the stables so she can play with her rabbits. It was Stuarts job to watch Rowena, so the death was Stuarts fault but no it wasnt Stuarts fault. It was Roberts fault. Robert was her guardian and he was locked in his bedroom. Making love to his pillow (Findley 21). Robert put all the blame of his sisters death on himself. He believes that it is his duty to make sure Rowena is safe. It seems ridiculous for him to believe he should be with her at all times. Robert was a caring brother, and very attentive to her. The guilt that he experiences for the death of Rowena leaves him feeling empty and alone. As well, Robert cares for Rowenas wishes and possessions; it seems as though anything that is a part of Rowena, is also a part of Robert. Including her precious rabbits that she cared for. When Robert is thinking about the death of his sister he recalls a conversation they had when she asked, Robert? Yes, Rowena? Will you stay with me forever? Yes, Rowena. Can the rabbits stay forever, too? Yes, Rowena (22). Robert is very dedicated to Rowena and they have a very strong connection. Robert always wants to be true to her. He feels he has let Rowena down once by not looking after her resulting in her death. He can not let Rowena down again by killing her rabbits. The killing of Rowenas rabbits leaves Robert believing he has betrayed his loved one, which adds to his internal conflict. The death of Rowena contribute to Roberts decision to go to war. Robert lived with the guilt of believing Rowenas death was his fault everyday of his life. In conclusion, the continuing rage that Robert builds up inside himself over Rowenas death plays a great role in his eventual self-destruction. Secondly, Barbara dOrsey makes herself an important part of many mens lives, and this ends in devastation. It is also made visible by other characters in the novel. Barbara, and Taffler go to visit James Villiers, Barbaras past lover while he is in the hospital. Robert witnesses the visit and the nurse approaches him saying, Just dont ask me about that woman. I dont know how she dares to come here (89). The nurse is angry that Barbara shows no compassion to the injured Villiers. Not only is Villiers in physical pain but the emotional pain which Barbara inflicts on him visiting, while accompanied by another man is devastating to him. James real feelings on the situation cannot be voiced because of the extent of his injuries, but due to his reaction the reader may assume he is emotionally distraught. Even Barbaras sister Juliet comments on her sisters behaviour. Juliet writes in her transcripts that, after the visit to Villiers, the affair between [Barbara] and Robert Ross developed quickly. ] It seemed inhuman. Barbara never went to see Taffler again (152). The inhumanity which leaves Juliet shocked and dismayed reveals how selfish and ignorant Barbara is to her lovers. As soon as Barbara spots a weakness in her lovers she abandons them and moves on to the next man. Barbara shows no shame in her actions. In conclusion, at the times her lovers need her the most she is not there to help them deal with emotional anxiety which leads to their internal destruction. Thirdly, it is made visible at the beginning of the novel that the absence of a mother figure in Roberts life has an emotional effect on him. Robert does not remember his mother being around very much as a small child. Mrs. Ross has gone through many losses in her life beginning with her father, brother, and now her daughter. This causes Mrs. Ross to breakdown and place copious amounts of grief on Robert which contributes to his internal destruction. Robert is deemed to be Rowenas guardian which makes him responsible for her possessions after her death. Mrs. Ross explains to Robert how it is his duty to kill Rowenas rabbits but he questions, Why do the rabbits have to be killed? Because they were hers. But that cant possibly make any sense. Nonetheless, they must be killed' (22-23). Mrs. Ross believes that it must be Robert who kills Rowenas rabbits because they are a constant reminder of Rowena. Since Robert was Rowenas guardian it is his responsibility to get rid of her most beloved possessions. If the rabbits are gone then Robert will realize that Rowena is gone too. Robert refuses to kill the rabbits because he feels he has let Rowena down once by not watching her, causing her death. He would not let her down again by killing her rabbits too. Robert resents his mother for asking him to do this and it contributes to his decision to leave for war. Ever since Rowenas death, Roberts mother begins to drink heavily. After Rowenas funeral, Mrs. Ross becomes intoxicated and has a conversation with Robert. She knows he is going away to become a soldier and she tells him he can go to hell. Im not responsible. Im just another stranger. Birth I can give you but life I cannot (28). She wants Robert to know that she did give life to him by giving birth to him but it is impossible for her to keep someone alive. Mrs. Ross is distancing herself from Robert because she knows that he is going away to war and there is a good chance he too will die. This conversation is the final push which leads him leave for war the next morning. Thus, going to war is Roberts ultimate downfall which leads to his destruction. In conclusion, woman are an important part of the mental stability of men. Through Rowena, Barbara, and Mrs. Ross it is evident that woman characters give male characters emotional problems. In the novel The Wars by Timothy Findley, female characters cause internal conflicts between the male characters and themselves. Women influence men everyday without even knowing it.

Number of Supreme Court Nominees By President - List

Number of Supreme Court Nominees By President - List President Barack Obama successfully chose two members of the U.S. Supreme Court and has a chance to nominate a third before his term ends after 2016. If hes able to push a candidate through what can be a politically charged and sometimes lengthy nomination process, Obama will have chosen a third of the nine-member court. So how rare is that? How many times has a modern president gotten an opportunity to choose three justices? Which presidents have nominated the most Supreme Court justices and had the largest impact on makeup of the highest court in the land? Here are some questions and answers about the number of Supreme Court nominees by president. How did Obama get the chance to nominate three justices? Obama was able to nominate three justices because two members of the Supreme Court retired and a third died in office. The first retirement, that of  Justice David Souter, came a short time after Obama took office in 2009. Obamas chose Sonia Sotomayor, who later become the first Hispanic member and third woman justice to serve on the high court. A year later, in 2010, Justice John Paul Stevens gave up his seat on the court. Obama picked Elena Kagan, a former Harvard Law School dean and solicitor general of the United States who was widely seen as a consensus-building liberal. In February 2016, Justice Antonin Scalia died unexpectedly. Is It Rare For a President to Get to Nominate Three Justices? Actually, no. Its not that rare. Since 1869, the year Congress increased the number of justices to nine, 12 of the 24 presidents preceding Obama successfully chose at least three members of the Supreme Court. The most recent president to get three justices on the high court was Ronald Reagan, from 1981 through 1988. In fact, one of those nominees, Justice Anthony Kennedy, was confirmed in a presidential-election year, 1988. So Why Were Obamas 3 Nominees Such a Big Deal? That Obama had the opportunity to nominee three Supreme Court justices was not, in an of itself, the big story. The timing - his final 11 months in office - and the impact his choice would have on setting the ideological course on the court for decades to come made his third nomination such a big news story and, of course, a political battle for the ages. Related Story: What Are Obamas Chances of Replacing Scalia? Which President Has Chosen the Most Supreme Court Justices? President Franklin Delano Roosevelt got eight of his nominees on the Supreme Court over the course of just six years in office. The only presidents who have come close are  Dwight Eisenhower, William Taft and  Ulysses Grant, whom each got five nominees on the court. So How Does Obamas 3 Picks Compare to Other Presidents? With three picks for the Supreme Court, Obama is exactly average. The 25 presidents since 1869 have gotten 75 nominees on the high court, meaning the average is three justices per president. So Obama falls right in the middle. Here is a list of presidents and the number of their Supreme Court nominees who made it to the court since 1869. The list is ranked from presidents with the most justices to those with the least. Franklin Roosevelt: 8 Dwight Eisenhower: 5 William Taft: 5 Ulysses Grant: 5 Richard Nixon: 4 Harry Truman: 4 Warren Harding: 4 Benjamin Harrison: 4 Grover Cleveland: 4 Ronald Reagan: 3 Herbert Hoover: 3 Woodrow Wilson: 3 Theodore Roosevelt: 3 Barack Obama: 2* George W. Bush: 2 Bill Clinton: 2 George H.W. Bush: 2 Lyndon Johnson: 2 John F. Kennedy: 2 Chester Arthur: 2 Rutherford Hayes: 2 Gerald Ford: 1 Calvin Coolidge: 1 William McKinley: 1 James Garfield: 1 * Obama has not yet nominated a third justice, and it remains uncertain whether his choice will will confirmation.

Inclusion in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inclusion in Education - Essay Example This was replaced by a revised version which was issued in 2001, coming into effect in January 2002 (DFES 2001). The nature of provision for special educational needs has changed drastically over the last few years following the Warnock Report and the 1981 Education Act, with an increased awareness of educational needs and a consonant focus on improving the quality of provision for much larger numbers of children (Griffiths, 1998, 95 in Quicke, 2007, 2-15). This implies improvement of education of all and specially of those with special needs that would impart knowledge and power to all (QCA/DfEE, 2001). Department of Health has recently published a White Paper for people with learning disabilities in 2001 (Department of Health, 2001, 1-10). The United Kingdom has separate educational systems for England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. As far as education is concerned, the countries are split up into so-called local education authorities that carry a large part of the responsibility for organising education at local level. Historically, for a long time, England and Wales had separate systems for regular and special education. Since the Warnock Report in 1978, it has been assumed in the UK that about 20 per cent of school-aged children will have special educational needs requiring additional help at some point in their school careers. Furthermore, approximately 2 per cent of children will have severe physical, sensory, intellectual or emotional difficulties, some of which will remain with them throughout their lives. Historically this 2 per cent of children have been exclud ed from mainstream schools, receiving their education in special schools instead. In recent years, a growing sense of injustice regarding the idea of segregated special schooling for these pupils has led to calls for more inclusive educational opportunities as a matter of human right and equal opportunity (Amatea, 1988, 174-183). By the Education Acts 1981 and 1993, which latter consolidated into the Education Act 1996, the policy of parental choice in the field of special educational needs has in most respects been merely built on key recommendations in the Warnock Report in 1978, namely that the education system should pay heed to parental knowledge about their child's needs and respect parental wishes regarding the child's education (Farrell, 2001, 3-9). Warnock's other recommendation was to integrate the education, meaning pupils with special educational needs should, as far as possible, be educated alongside other children in mainstream schools (Lewis, 2004, 3-9). In relation to this, this process must acknowledge the diversity of needs of all students creating opportunity to support learning of all students inclusive of those who have impairments or needs for special educations. While the White Paper was explicitly a response of the authorities from the concerns to promote better life chances for people with special needs for education, it identifies the many barriers that such children and their families face in fully participating in their communities. This paper promotes the benefits to be obtained by these children through educational opportunities, good health, and social care while living with their families. It was evident later that constructive and sustainable relationships between pupils with speci

Theory, Research and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theory, Research and Practice - Essay Example In 2009, the patient experienced placement of primatrix and grafting. Wound care has evolved over the years, with expansive knowledge and research advancement in treatment and wound healing has been noticeable. Doctors and nurses have been able to assess wounds more accurately, identify related problems and issues sooner, outline interventions and reduce morbidity. To update one on the current evidence based wound management, the resources focus on patient assessment suffering from chronic wounds, wound care optimization with effective wound bed preparation and the selection of appropriate wound dressing. Developing an elaborate plan of care depends on undertaking an extensive evaluation of the patient and the wound. Nurses ought to determine if the wound is severe or acute and the cause of the wound. Nurses may also result in examining the patient’s medical history if they fail to determine the cause of the wound. Wound assessment should be conducted properly as it significan tly influences the care and healing process. The wound is supposed to be carefully, and proper assessment conducted to develop a care procedure. Assessing severe wounds can be cumbersome and challenging as some wounds have irregular shapes that change often, a note to add is that if the patient is attended to by different nurses, they may harbor different opinions about the wound and its shape. Wound dressing plays a vital role in supporting moist wound healing and maintenance of a moist wound bed. Wound dressing depends on various factors such as; shape of the wound, wound, frequency of wound dress and the presence or absence of pain and issues such as itching (Upton, Penn, Richardson & Rippon, 2014). Evidence-based research has been well described using different nursing theories and conceptual framework of nurses. Conceptual framework deals with concepts that that are assembled due to their relevance to a common issue (Cherry & Jacob, 2013). They serve as a springboard for the

Imperialist Policy Essay Example for Free

Imperialist Policy Essay To What Extent can it be argued that America Had an Imperialist Policy, Which Contradicted the Ideals Set down, By the Declaration of Independence? Annexation of the Philippines, the anti-imperialists protested over and over again, violated the very principles of independence and self determination on which the country (America) was founded. The above quotation summarises the key themes of this essay and the issues that will be explored. To examine the extent to which America had an imperialist policy, which contradicted the ideals, set down by the declaration of independence we must first analyse the terms used within the question and look at the ideals specified in the declaration of independence. Examples of when America showed this imperialist policy must then be examined to find to what extent they had one. Finally it must be investigated into reasons why America may have taken a turn towards imperialism which they were so strongly against when they broke from Britains rule in 1776. After thoroughly investigating and analysing the mentioned areas I will draw my conclusions as to the extent that America had an imperialist policy which contradicted the ideals set down by the declaration of independence. To begin with I shall explore the meaning of imperialism so that the question can be fully interpreted and answered fully. There are two meanings for the word imperialism below is the dictionary definition, which I will explain shortly. 1.The policy or principle of having and extending control over the territory of other nations, of creating or maintaining an empire, or extending ones countrys influence through trade and diplomacy. 2.An attempt by a developed country to interfere in the affairs of an underdeveloped country or countries. The first meaning is that imperialism is the expanding of one country into another countrys territory making them colonies and thus creating an empire, such as that of Britain in the 19th century controlling its colonies overseas. The second meaning of the word imperialism is that of a developed country influencing other countries by trade and diplomacy. It is this meaning that is often associated with Lenins view of imperialism as he felt that it was not necessarily about colonies but imposing control over another country through influence and tariffs. Using these interpretations it will be easier to analyse the actions taken by America and to find to what extent America had an imperialist policy. Now I have explored the meaning of imperialism I will go on to examine the ideals that were set down in the declaration of independence on 4th July 1776. For the purpose of this essay not all the issues raised in the declaration of independence are required so I will highlight the points that I feel are needed to answer the question best. Firstly the declaration refers to He meaning the King of Great Britain describing the injustices he has subjected the American colonies to. The first part I feel will highlight the issues within this essay talks about some of the injustices: He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their pretended legislation: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; For imposing taxes on us without our consent; For depriving us, in many cases of the benefits of trial by jury; The above speaks of some of the things that the American people felt were wrong criticising British imperialism. The second piece continues to describe what they feel is wrong condemning British actions: For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighbouring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introduction the same absolute rule into these colonies; For taking away our charters abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering governments; For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us all in cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here by, declaring us out of protection and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. By declaring what they feel strongly against the American people are revealing their ideals of government and rule within a country. The final part of the declaration describes how America will continue once broken from British rule: We therefore the representatives of the United States of America, in general congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. This section of the declaration of independence concludes the intentions of the American people and how they will continue as a state. Looking at the excerpts I have taken I will refer back to these during the essay to point out contradictions in the American policy to prove the argument that America had an imperialist policy. Having looked at the question and analysing the terms used within it I shall now explore reasons as to why American policy took a turn towards imperialism. America had been expanding since after the first landings in Jamestown and Plymouth with settlers moving west and further south rapidly consuming the great expanse of the American continent. This early expansion within the continent was purely for the settlement of the American people however; the movements of the 1890s took a different path. Overseas expansion into already populated areas not so much for settlement but for the purpose of tactical naval bases, trading outposts or commercial centers on major trade routes. One view of this new policy was from Walter LaFeber: The United States did not set out on an expansionist path in the late 1890s in a sudden, spur-of-the-moment fashion. The overseas empire that Americans controlled in 1900 was not a break in their history, but a natural culmination. The above view expresses that imperialism and expanding is simply natural progression for any country and it was Americas time to expand. In America at the time few people liked the idea of imperialism, expanding had shown them benefits such as those of California and Oregon but imperialism meant control over other peoples by military conquest or economic domination which they did not want to be a part of. These attitudes however began to change as the end of the frontier was reached, as John A Kasson, a diplomat said in the North American Review: We are rapidly utilising the whole of our continental territory. We must turn our eyes abroad, or they will soon look inward upon discontent. Again this view explored that expanding was something that came naturally once all a nations land was occupied. Now that the question has been explained and reasons for imperialism explored I shall continue to discuss examples to show to what extent America had an imperialist policy. The first example of America advancing towards an imperialist policy can be seen as the introduction of the Monroe Doctrine, which was expressed during President James Monroes seventh annual message to congress in December 1823. Within this doctrine it was expressed that America felt that European powers no longer had the right to interfere in matters involving the Western Hemisphere and the American continent. as a principle in which the right and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonisation by any European powers This speech showed that America had interests in lands outside their own territory and were declaring that they saw the Western Hemisphere as their sphere of influence. It had long been hoped that America would one-day annex Canada or Mexico for extensive trade and greater unity against the European powers, the Monroe Doctrine supported this idea. In 1867 Secretary of State William Henry Seward finished negotiations with Russia for the purchase of Alaska with the aim of sandwiching in Canada ready for its annexation. The discussion of the Monroe Doctrine and the purchase of Alaska have shown that America did have an imperialist policy and contradicts the ideals that they set down: For imposing taxes on us without our consent; For taking away our charters abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering governments; For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us all in cases whatsoever. They themselves condemned the actions of the British for doing the above and now although they had purchased Alaska were subjecting its people to very similar events. The next example of Americas imperialist policy I shall explore will be Hawaii and Americas long hopes of annexing the islands. Hawaii was seen to be a key way-station in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and control of these islands would provide great military and commercial trade advantages. In 1875 a reciprocity treaty with Hawaii bound the Hawaiians to make no territorial or economic concessions to other nations as well as allowing sugar to enter the United States free of duty. This treaty increased Hawaiis economic dependence on America, this supports the Lenin view of imperialism discussed earlier as it shows America having domination over Hawaii via economic constraints. In 1891 King Kalakaua died and nationalist Queen Liliuokalani came to power. The new Queen disliked being ruled by a white minority and made way for a new constitution to give native Hawaiians more power. This caused trouble in Hawaii with the White Hawaiians revolting and America becoming involved militarily. The revolt was over in three days and the Queen surrendered. On 14th February 1893, the secretary of state John W Foster and officials from the new Hawaiian government signed a treaty annexing Hawaii to the United States. However only two weeks were left in president Harrisons term and the senate refused to approve the treaty. President Cleveland who came to power shortly later started an investigation into Americas involvement and found it to have been wrong. Cleveland decided to restore the queen to her throne but the provisional government established in Hawaii instead created the Republic of Hawaii. This backing down on America or Clevelands behalf shows that the pursuit of an empire was perhaps not so great or that Cleveland simply felt more strongly about the ideals of the declaration of independence. However in 1898 the issue of annexing Hawaii arose again this time with concerns over Japans interests in the islands. President McKinley sought an annexation treaty but this required a two-thirds majority vote in the senate. It was decided that a joint resolution be obtained rather than a treaty requiring a majority in both houses. With the new approach the annexation plans passed quickly through congress and McKinley signed it on 7th July 1898 annexing Hawaii which had been an American goal since the 1860s. Now despite the actions of President Cleveland the annexation of Hawaii was eventually achieved again showing Americas imperialist policy and how they contradicted their own ideals of not imposing power over another country or subjecting other peoples to laws or government foreign to their own. I will now go on to discuss part of Americas involvement in the Philippines during the war with Spain. On 1st May 1898 after the war had only been going on one week Commodore George Dewey crushed the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay. With this significant victory the Philippines were now within Americas grasp and by the 13th August after raising an expeditionary force they took Manila Bay and gained control of the Philippines. This expansion of America territory by military conquest shows Americas imperialist policy and as one of those against it at the time said: Dewey took Manila with the loss of one man and all our institutions. So it was obvious at the time to some people that Americas policy contradicted the ideals set down by the declaration of independence on which their country was founded. The Final example I shall explore focuses on the early 1900s and the events surrounding the Panama Canal. Great Britain had controlled the region in Central America, but while otherwise concerned had withdrawn troops from the area to allow for American plans of building an isthmian canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. President Roosevelt began selecting a route which would run through the Panama region of Colombia being 6 miles wide, he offered Colombia $10million and $250,000 annual rental for the land and permission. Colombia rejected his offer and he considered seizing the area but instead hinted to the inhabitants of the Panama region to revolt. Within a short time they did so and the new Republic of Panama was created with American support. A new deal was struck and the canal commissioned with Panama relying on America and America now controlling an extremely important trade route. This example again shows America putting themselves in positions to be in an advantage over other nations highlighting another aspect of their imperialist policy. I have now looked at the reasons why America may follow an imperialist policy, how the term imperialism can be interpreted and, have shown a number of examples when America showed this imperialist policy. I shall now conclude my finding to answer to what extent America had an imperialist policy, which contradicted the ideals set down by the declaration of independence. I have not shown all the examples of when America showed signs of imperialism that I discovered my research but I have highlighted those that I felt were most important. All of the examples used have proved that America did have an imperialist policy to some extent or another they have also shown that at times some Americans felt that this policy did go against the ideals on which their nation was founded. So I conclude that America did have to a large extent an imperialist policy which contradicted the ideals set down by the declaration of independence whether they themselves recognised this policy or not as going against their own beliefs. Dewey took Manila with the loss of one man and all our institutions.

The Hobbit by JRR Tolkein - Bilbo Baggins :: essays research papers

The Hobbit This hobbit was a hobbit, and his name was Baggins. Baggins had lived in the neighborhood of †The Hill† some time, and people considered them very respectable, not only because most or them were rich, but also because they never had any adventures or did anything unexpected. You could tell what a Baggins would say on any question without the bother of asking him. This is a story of how a Baggins had an adventure, and found himself doing and saying things altogether unexpected. He may have lost the neighbors’ respect, but he gained- well, you will see what he gained in the end. Bilbo Baggins lived a very simple life, a life he enjoyed very much, until the day when the wizard Gandalf arrived at his door one morning. Gandalf was searching for someone to share an adventure with, but Bilbo quickly declined, saying, â€Å"We don’t want any adventures here.You might try over The Hill or across The Water,† and with that the hobbit dismissed the wandering wizard, but not before he had given the wizard an invitation for tea the next day. This of coarse, was the polite thing to do. But Gandalf saw something more in Bilbo and would not be discouraged. He left the hobbit, but not before he had scratched a sign on Bilbo’s door. The following day, Gandalf showed for tea, along with thirteen dwarves. This was the beginning of the adventures between the hobbit and the dwarves. The next day, Bilbo somehow found himself leaving his comfortable hobbit hole, and on what seemed to be an adventure. This was the beginning of not just one, but many adventures for Bilbo. The dwarves were on a quest to find and reclaim their famous treasure from the great dragon Smaug. It would be a long and difficult journey, and they felt it would be made simpler with the help of a burglar. This was what Bilbo was for, even if he didn’t know it. Bilbo didn’t want to be on the adventure, let alone play a vital role in it. But by the time the story concluded, Bilbo had changed from a well-to-do homebody into a burglar. The first time Bilbo exposed his hidden sense of adventure was early in the trip when he encountered a group of trolls. Bilbo was sent by the dwarves to investigate a strange fire in a forest, and

Paper VS Electronic Media Essay

Paper vs. Electronic Media: Work Efficiency and Environmental Impact Hirohito Shibata; Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd., 6-1 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 220-8668, Japan Abstract Table 1. CO2 emissions per unit quantity for each product This presentation quantitatively compares paper and  electronic media from the perspectives of CO2 emissions and work efficiency. Should we reject paper out of hand based on  environmental considerations? Can electronic reading devices replace paper books for leisure and work? I discuss these issues based on various analyses and experiments. Product Introduction Although the paperless office has been repeatedly dismissed  as a myth [1], since 2008, the consumption of office paper in Japan has actually declined. With the advent of electronic reading devices such as Apple’s iPad and the Amazon Kindle, the idea of the paperless office is back in the spotlight. How seriously should we take this second coming of the paperless office? What will happen to paper? What are the relative merits of paper and electronic media? My colleagues and I at Fuji Xerox are currently at work on a research project that seeks to answer these questions. This presentation consists of two parts. The first part  compares paper to electronic media from an environmental  perspective, comparing CO2 emissions generated by paper vs. electronic media (e.g., computer displays, projectors) for reading or reference work. I also compare work efficiency for paper vs. computer displays. The second part compares paper books and  electronic reading devices (e.g., iPad, Kindle) and discusses whether  electronic books might actually take the place of paper books. This paper is a brief report and addresses only the results of these specific analyses and experiments. Standard PC Specifications Desktop High-Performance Desktop PC 17-inch Display 19-inch Display Notebook PC Projector Printer CPU: Intel Core Memory: Less than 4GB CPU: Intel Core Memory: More than 4GB TFT TFT Resolution: More than 1290Ãâ€"800 Electro Photo A3 Printers CO2 emissions per unit quantity 49.60 g/hour 98.42 g/hour 23.36 g/hour 26.34 g/hour 27.59 g/hour 163.58 g/hour 2.58 g/sheet Environmental Impact: Paper vs. Computer Displays CO2 Emissions Table 1 presents CO2 emissions per unit quantity for each  product. This data is based on figures for life cycle CO2 emissions for each product obtained in November 2010 from the website of the Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry [2]. Figure 1 compares CO2 emissions associated with each medium when reading an eight-page document. Reading from  paper generates CO2 emissions only at the time the document is printed. In this case, the hours spent reading do not affect CO2 emissions. On the other hand, when we read from displays, CO2 emissions increase in proportion to the time spent reading. For extended reading sessions, CO2 emissions tend to be lower for paper; for reading many short documents, CO2 emissions tend to be lower with computer displays. NIP 27 and Digital Fabrication 2011 Figure 1. CO2 emissions associated with reading Figure 2 compares CO2 emissions for each medium for the case of a ten-page document shared in a meeting. If we deliver this document on paper, CO2 emissions increase in proportion to the number of individuals attending. If we use a projector and a single notebook PC, the number of participants doesn’t affect CO2 emissions. In general, if we are sharing documents for a large meeting, CO2 emissions are lower when we use  projectors than when we distribute on paper. When we share short documents in small groups of two or three, CO2 emissions tend to be lower when we distribute documents on paper. Technical Program and Proceedings 7 of key words in text when using paper and when using computer displays. Reading from paper was 6.8% faster than reading from displays. There was no significant difference between the media in the recognition test of key words. Paper allows faster reading without loss of understanding. Figure 2. CO2 emissions associated with meeting documents Work Efficiency The analyses of the previous section assume equal work efficiency for all media. However, efficiency may actually vary with different media. Lower work efficiency means longer  working hours, which in turn can mean higher CO2 emissions,  since elements of the workplace infrastructure (e.g., ventilation and lighting) need to run longer. I’ll describe three experiments that compare reading performance for each medium. The first experiment examines how different media affect  proofreading when the goal is to detect contextual errors. Figure 3 presents reading speed and percentage of errors detected when using paper vs. computer displays. Reading from paper was 11.9% faster than reading from the displays. There was no significant difference between media in percentage of errors detected. Figure 3. Reading speed and the percentage of errors detected in proofreading to detect contextual errors (N = 20) Figure 4. Reading speed and scores for a recognition test of key words when reading with frequent page turning (N = 18) The third experiment involved cross-reference reading for  multiple documents [4]. Figure 5 compares reading speed and  percentage of errors detected when using paper vs. computer  displays. Reading from the paper was 23.2% faster than reading from displays. Moreover, more errors were detected (a difference of 11.5%) with paper than with computer displays. In both speed and accuracy, paper was superior to displays in cross-reference reading. Figure 5. Reading speed and the percentage of errors detected in crossreference reading for multiple documents (N = 24) The second experiment looked at reading when the task  required frequent switching back and forth between pages [3]. Figure 4 compares reading speed and scores for a recognition test 8  ©2011 Society for Imaging Science and Technology Discussion Comparisons of CO2 emissions from paper and electronic  media indicate that the nature of a task determines which is more eco-friendly. The three experiments here point to the superiority of paper for different reading tasks: proofreading, reading with frequent movement back and forth between pages, and crossreference reading for multiple documents. Clearly, this is hardly an exhaustive listing of all tasks that involve reading. Still, the results suggest paperless work is not always the most eco-friendly work style. Paper should not be rejected out of hand on environmental grounds. Rather, we should select paper or electronic media depending on the specific task. Figure 7 compares task completion times and accuracy  (percentage of correct answers) for each medium in an experiment involving  scanning a manual to find answers. Subjects performed this task 38.6% faster with the paper book than with the iPad and 60.2% faster than with the Kindle. Of the five media, paper books were fastest for scanning text for answers. Work Efficiency: Paper vs. Electronic Reading Devices Reading fiction As a typical example of reading for leisure, I evaluated  electronic reading devices such as iPad and Kindle for reading fiction. Figure 6 shows reading speed with a paper book, an iPad, a Kindle, and a notebook PC. For reading that did not involve  moving from one page to the next, I found no significant  difference in reading speed among the four media. For reading that required page turns, I found that reading from the iPad was as fast as reading from paper books, but that reading from the Kindle was slower than reading from paper books. This suggests that the iPad is just as suited as paper books for tasks like reading fiction. Figure 7. Completion time and percentage of correct answers when scanning text to locate answers to questions (N = 20) Discussion Figure 6. Reading speed: Paper book vs. electronic media (N = 26) For reading fiction, our experiment showed iPads and paper  books offered equal reading speed for reading with and without page turns. This suggests that the current generation of electronic reading devices is perfectly suitable for reading for leisure, at least from the perspective of efficiency. Clearly, other factors such as cost, weight, and design will also determine whether such devices gain widespread acceptance for this purpose. Paper books proved the fastest of all five media in the  experiment involving scanning text to find answers to questions, the reading task ranked as the second most common in the study by Adler et al. Moreover, as discussed above, the current  generation of electronic reading devices remains poorly suited for cross-reference reading, the reading task ranked as the most common. These results suggest that the electronic reading devices currently available do not adequately cover the wide range of reading tasks required for knowledge work. Reading to answer questions Trademarks Adler et al. [5] observed various work-related reading tasks in actual work situations and assigned each instance to one of ten categories. Among the most frequently observed tasks was crossreference reading using multiple documents. Clearly, the current generation of electronic reading devices does not permit crossreference reading. These devices do not allow us to view multiple documents at the same time, and their form factors are too cumbersome to overlap or otherwise move frequently. For this reason, I evaluated these devices for the second-most common task in the study by Adler et al.: scanning text to answer questions. Microsoft and Windows are trademarks or registered  trademarks of Microsoft Corporation Adobe Reader is trademark or registered trademark of Adobe Systems Inc. iPad is trademark or registered trademark of Apple Inc. Kindle is trademark or registered trademark of Amazon.com Inc. NIP 27 and Digital Fabrication 2011 References [1] Abigail J. Sellen and Richard H. Harper, â€Å"The myth of the paperless office,† The MIT Press, (2001). Technical Program and Proceedings 9 [2] [3] [4] [5] 10 Web site of Japan Environmental Management Association for  Industry, http://www.jemai.or.jp/ecoleaf/index.cfm. [in Japanese] Hirohito Shibata and Kengo Omura, Effects of paper on page turning: Comparison of paper and electronic media in reading documents with endnotes, Proc. HCI International ’11, (2011). Hirohito Shibata and Kengo Omura, Effects of paper in moving and arranging documents: A comparison between paper and electronic media in cross-reference reading for multiple documents, Journal of the Human Interface Society, 12, 3, pg.301, (2010). [in Japanese] A. Adler, A. Gujar, B. Harrison, K. O’Hara, and A. J. Sellen, A diary study of work-related reading: Design implications for digital reading devices, Proc. CHI ’98, pg.241, (1998). Author Biography Hirohito Shibata received his MS in mathematics from Osaka  University (1994) and his PhD in engineering from the University of Tokyo  (2003). He is currently a research scientist at the Research and Technology Group, Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Research interests include cognitive science and human-computer interactions. His current research involves investigations of the strengths and weaknesses of presentation media from cognitive perspectives. He is a member of Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), The Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence (JSAI), and Human Interface Society (HIS).  ©2011 Society for Imaging Science and Technology

Economic Indicators of Oman

Topic: analysis of economic indicators of oman INTRODUCTION Oman,  officially called the  Sultanate  of Oman  is an  Arab  state in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the  Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by the  United Arab Emirates (UAE) to the northwest,  Saudi Arabia  to the west and  Yemen  to the southwest. The coast is formed by the  Arabian Sea  on the southeast and the  Gulf of Oman  on the northeast.Oman is an absolute monarchy in which the  Sultan of Oman, named Sultan Saeed bin Qaboos,  exercises ultimate authority but its  parliament  has some legislative and oversight powers. In November  2010, the  United Nations Development Programme  (UNDP) listed Oman, from among 135 countries worldwide, as the nation most-improved during the preceding 40  years. According to international indices, it is one of the most developed and stable countries in the  Arab. Oman is a middle-income economy that is heavily dependent on dw indling oil resources.Because of declining reserves and a rapidly growing labor force, Muscat, the capital of Oman has actively pursued a development plan that focuses on diversification, industrialization, and privatization, with the objective of reducing the oil sector's contribution to GDP to 9% by 2020 and creating more jobs to employ the rising numbers of Omanis entering the workforce. Tourism and gas-based industries are key components of the government's diversification strategy.By using enhanced oil recovery techniques, Oman succeeded in increasing oil production, giving the country more time to diversify, and the increase in global oil prices through 2011 provided the government greater financial resources to invest in non-oil sectors. | 2000| 2001| 2002| 2003| 2004| 2005| 2006| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012| Unemployment| –| –| –| –| –| –| –| –| –| –| –| –| –| Inflation|  œ 1. 2| -0. 8| -0. 3| 0. 2| 0. 8| 1. 9| 3. 2| 6. 0| 12. 1| 3. 9| 3. 2| 4. 1| –| GDP growth annual (%)| –| –| 2. 6| 0. 3| 3. 4| 4. | 5. 5| 6. 8| 12. 8| 1. 1| 4. 0| 5. 5| –| GDP real growth (%)| 4. 6| 7. 4| 2. 2| 1. 1| 1. 2| 5. 6| 6. 6| 5. 6| 6. 4| 2| 4. 2| 5. 5| –| Reserves (billion US $)| –| –| 3. 173| 3. 593| 3. 597| 4. 358| 5. 014| 9. 523| 11. 582| 12. 203| 13. 025| 14. 366| –| Tax/GDP (%)| –| –| –| –| –| 19. 50| 20. 30| 21. 60| 21. 60| 21. 60| 21. 60| 22. 0| –| Trade/GDP (%)| –| –| 77. 4| 82. 9| 90. 6| 89. 9| 88. 8| 96. 9| 96. 2| 94. 1| –| –| –| External Debt (billion US $)| 4. 8| 4. 5| 5. 3| 5. 7| 5. 97| 4. 81| 4. 36| 4. 26| 5. 3| 6. 88| 7. 06| 8. 83| 9. 5| Saving/GDP (%)| –| –| 40. 2| 39. 4| 38. 1| 50. 5| 49. 0| 47. 2| 51. 0| –| –| –| –| Real Interest Rate(%)| –| –| 10. 8| 1. 0| -2. 9| -11. 1 | -4. 8| 0. 6| -16. 4| 40. 4| -10. 0| -9. 7| | Exchange rate ($)| 0. 38| 0. 38| 0. 38| 0. 38| 0. 38| 0. 38| 0. 38| 0. 38| 0. 38| 0. 38| 0. 38| 0. 38| 0. 38| ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF OMAN Analysis of the Economic Indicators of Oman 1. Unemployment: percent of the labor force that is without jobs Oman has a population of 2. 981 million, which is rising at around 3. 4% a year. Its labor force is just shy of 1 million.There are no up-to-date unemployment figures available for Oman. Unemployment was estimated at 15% in 2004, but it has been dropping as the ‘Omanization’ program continues to roll out, and is forecasted to drop below 10% within the next five years. The policy of Omanisation aims to replace expatriate workers with locals. 2. Inflation: as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly.Despi te high liquidity, inflation remained low in the range of -1% to 1. 9% during 2001 to 2005, but flared up to an annual rate of (12. 6%) in 2008 compared to a (5. 9%) in 2007 due to high import prices for goods priced in Euro, Japanese Yen and British Pound sterling, and the depreciation of the US Dollar against the world major currencies. Oman’s monetary policy focuses on controlling inflation, which has remained generally modest, partly reflecting the openness of the economy. The government controls the prices of many goods and services through subsidies.Moreover, the government does not resort to monetization of its budget deficits, so there is little inflationary pressure from this source. CPI inflation came down to a manageable rate of 3. 5% in 2009 due to wise monetary and fiscal policies of the government. Omani Riyal is pegged to the US Dollar and as the USA is an important source of imports for Oman, it protects prices from some of the pressures of imported inflation from the USA. The yearly rates of consumer price inflation are expected at (3. 9%) and (2. 9%) in 2010 and 2011, respectively. 3.Gross domestic product: GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. A surge in oil prices since 2003 has resulted in a strong growth of Oman’s economy, which has grown almost two and a half times in size during 2002 to 2008. Nominal GDP grew strongly at the rate of 44% to US$60 billion in 2008 compared to US$41. billion in 2007. Nominal GDP shrank by (-10. 9%) to $53. 4 billion in 2009 due to the global financial and economic crisis and the slump in the world oil market. However, nominal GDP is likely to expand by 16. 6% and 8. 9% to US$62. 3 billion and $67. 8 billion in 2010 and 2011, respecti vely. In real terms, the economy grew at the rate of 3. 4% in 2009 compared to 6. 2% in 2008. The economy is expected to pick up and expand at the rate of 4. 7% each in 2010 and 2011 on the back of the expected global economic recovery and increased world oil demand. 4. Total reservesReserves comprise holdings of monetary gold, special drawing rights, reserves of IMF members held by the IMF, and holdings of foreign exchange under the control of monetary authorities. The gold component of these reserves is valued at year-end (December 31) London prices. Data are in current U. S. dollars. Since 1973 the Omani Riyal (RO) has been pegged to the US dollar. After 10. 2% devaluation in January 1986, it has remained at the level of RO: US$2. 60, which is likely to continue in the medium-term. A relatively low inflation and increasingly tight fiscal policy have helped the government maintain this peg.Total reserves excluding gold stood at US$11. 5 billion at the end of 2008 compared to US$9. 5 billion at the end of 2007. Foreign reserves stood at US$ 11 billion in 2009, which are expected at $11. 1 billion and $11. 5 billion by the end of 2010 and 2011, respectively. 5. Tax/GDP Tax revenue refers to compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes. Certain compulsory transfers such as fines, penalties, and most social security contributions are excluded. Refunds and corrections of erroneously collected tax revenue are treated as negative revenue.Tax as a percentage of GDP is quite low throughout the years because resources are in abundance to generate wealth, hence revenue from tax is low. 6. Trade/GDP Trade is the sum of exports and imports of goods and services measured as a share of gross domestic product. A high portion of gdp is being utilized in trade. OMAN’S MAIN ITEM OF EXPORTS: petroleum, fish, metals, textiles OMAN’S MAIN ITEM OF IMPORTS: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, lubricants 7. Exte rnal Debt This entry gives the total public and private debt owed to nonresidents repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services.These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i. e. , not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Higher oil prices resulted in huge trade and current account surpluses during 2005 to 2008. A surplus on current account stood at US$ 5. 47 billion (9. 1% of GDP) in 2008 compared to US$2. 59 billion (6. 2% of GDP) in 2007. The economy realized a marginal surplus of $0. 14 billion (0. 3% of GDP) in 2009 due to the global crisis and the slump in the world oil market. However, the economy is expected to realize higher surpluses of $1. 48 billion (2. 4% of GDP) and $2. 4 billion (3. 2% of GDP) in 2010 and 2011, respectively on the back of likely recovery in the global oil market. Bearing in mind the considerable remittances by foreign workers, profit remittances by the foreign partners of Petroleum Development Oman (PDO), as well as those of private sector foreign companies in Oman, there will be a strong positive impact on current account balances. 8. Saving/gdp: shows the ratio of savings and gdp. 9. Real interest rate Interest rate is the cost of borrowing and real interest rate is interest after deducting inflation as measured by the GDP deflator.In 2009, due to the world oil crisis Oman’s economy shrank and therefore its external debt increased as a result there was increase in the cost of borrowing. Therefore the real interest rate rose up to 40% in 2009, also keeping in mind a lower inflation rate of 3. 9%. 10. Exchange rate Exchange rate refers to the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the U. S. dollar).From 1973 to 1986, the rial was pegged to  U. S. dollar  at 1 rial = 2. 895 dollars. In 1986, the rate was changed to 1 rial = 2. 6008 dollars,  which translates to approximately 1 dollar = 0. 384497 rial. The Central Bank buys U. S. dollars at 0. 384 rial, and sell U. S. dollars at 0. 385 rial. Now it is the third highest. Oman has a strong currency which may have the following disadvantages assuming all factors remaining constant: 1. The lower price of imports leads to consumers increasing their demand and this can cause a large trade deficit.Exporters lose  price competitiveness  because they will find it more expensive to sell in foreign markets and face losing market share – this can damage profits and employment in some sectors and industries. 2. If exports fall, this causes a reduction in aggregate demand and reduces the short-term rate economic growth as measured by the % change in real GDP. 3. Because investment is partly dependent on the strength of demand, if exports fall, then so will business confidence and capital investment. SOURCES: 1. http://www. gulfbase. com 2. http://www. index mundi. com 3. http://www. worldbank. org/

Ethics and the Internet Essays

Ethics and the Internet Essays Ethics and the Internet Paper Ethics and the Internet Paper Essay Topic: A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings The Internet and social networking are offering a number of new clinical and ethical challenges for those who provide face-to-face mental health services. These challenges include extra-therapeutic contacts between therapists and their clients, questions about what distinguishes personal and professional activities online, and a lack of clearly developed policies related to our online behaviors and interactions. No form of client communication is 100 percent guaranteed to be private. Conversations can be overheard, e-mails can be sent to the wrong recipients and phone conversation can be listened to by others. But in todays age of e-mail, Facebook, Twitter and other social media, psychologists have to be more aware than ever of the ethical pitfalls they can fall into by using these types of communication. Its easy not to be fully mindful about the possibility of disclosure with these communications because we use these technologies so often in our social lives,   says Stephen Behnke, PhD, JD, director of APAs Ethics Office. Its something that we havent gotten into the habit of thinking about.   The Monitor sat down with Behnke to discuss the ethical aspects of the Internet for psychology practitioners and how to think about them. Does the APA Ethics Code guide practitioners on social media? Yes. The current Ethics Code was drafted between 1997 and 2002. While it doesnt use the terms social media,  Google or Facebook, the code is very clear that it applies to all psychologists professional activities and to electronic communication, which of course social media is. As we look at the Ethics Code, the sections that are particularly relevant to social media are on privacy and confidentiality, multiple relationships and the section on therapy. The Ethics Code does not prohibit all social relationships, but it does call on psychologists to ask, How does this particular relationship fit with the treatment relationship?   Is the APA Ethics Office seeing any particular problems in the use of social media? Everyone is communicating with these new technologies, but our ethical obligation is to be thoughtful about how the Ethics Code applies to these communications and how the laws and regulations apply. For example, if you are communicating with your client via e-mail or text messaging, those communications might be considered part of your clients record. Also, you want to consider who else might have access to the communication, something the client him- or herself may not be fully mindful of. When you communicate with clients, the communication may be kept on a server so anyone with access to that server may have access to your communications. Confidentiality should be front and center in your thinking. Also, consider the form of communication you are using, given the kind of treatment you are providing. For example, there are two very different scenarios from a clinical perspective: In one scenario, youve been working with a client face-to-face and you know the clients clinical issues. Then the client goes away on vacation and you have one or two phone sessions, or a session or two on Skype. A very different scenario is that the psychologist treats a client online, a client he or she has never met or seen. In this case, the psychologist has to be very mindful of the kind of treatment he or she can provide. What sorts of issues are appropriate to treat in that manner? How do the relevant jurisdictions laws and regulations apply to the work you are doing? Thats an example of how the technology is out in front of us. We have this wonderful new technology that allows us to offer services to folks who may never have had access to a psychologist. At the same time, the ethical, legal and regulatory infrastructure to support the technology is not yet in place. A good deal of thought and care must go into how we use the technology, given how it may affect our clients and what it means for our professional lives. APA needs to be involved in developing that ethical, legal and regulatory infrastructure and needs to be front and center on this. What do you want members to know about using Facebook? People are generally aware that what they put on their Facebook pages may be publicly accessible. Even with privacy settings, there are ways that people can get access to your information. My recommendation is to educate yourself about privacy settings and how you can make your page as private as you want it to be [see further reading box on page 34]. Also, educate yourself about how the technology works and be mindful of the information you make available about yourself. Historically, psychology has talked a lot about the clinical implications of self-disclosure, but this is several orders of magnitude greater, because now anyone sitting in their home or library with access to a terminal can find out an enormous amount of information about you. Facebook is a wonderful way to social network, to be part of a community. And of course psychologists are going to use this, as is every segment of the population. But psychologists have special ethical issues they need to think through to determine how this technology is going to affect their work. These days, students are inviting professors to see their Facebook pages and professors are now privy to more information on their students lives than ever before. Whats your advice on this trend? Psychologists should be mindful that whether teaching, conducting research, providing a clinical service or acting in an administrative capacity, they are in a professional role. Each role comes with its own unique expectations, and these expectations have ethical aspects. I would encourage a psychologist whos considering whether to friend a student to think through how the request fits into the professional relationship, and to weigh the potential benefits and harms that could come from adding that dimension to the teaching relationship. Of course, the professor should also be informed about the schools policy concerning interacting with students on social networking sites. How about Googling clientsshould you do this? In certain circumstances, there may be a good reason to do a search of a client. There may be an issue of safety, for example. In certain kinds of assessments, it might be a matter of confirming information. But again, we always need to think about how this fits into the professional relationship, and what type of informed consent weve obtained. Curiosity about a client is not a clinically appropriate reason to do an Internet search. Lets put it this way: If you know that your client plays in a soccer league, it would be a little odd if on Saturday afternoon you drove by the game to see how your client is doing. In the same way, if youre doing a search, thinking, What can I find out about this person  that raises questions about the psychologists motives? What about Twitter? Again, you first want to think about what are you disclosing and what is the potential impact the disclosure could have on the clinical work. Also, if you are receiving Tweets from a client, how does that fit in with the treatment? These questions are really interesting because they are pushing us to think clearly about the relationship between our professional and personal lives. We all have our own social communities and networks, but we also have to be aware about how we act and what we disclose in those domains, which are more accessible. Someone might say that this technology isnt raising new questions, its raising old questions in different ways. How about blogs? Be aware that when you author a blog, youre putting a lot of yourself into it. Thats why youre doing it. So again, you need to be mindful of the impact it will have on your clinical work. It also depends on what the blog is about. For example, if youre blogging about religion, politics or movies, in this day and age, some of your clients are going to read the material. If you are sharing your personal views on some important societal issue, be mindful of how that might affect the work you are doing. When is the next Ethics Code due out and will it more specifically address social media? The next revision hasnt been scheduled, but if I had to guess, probably in the next two to three years, APA will begin the process of drafting the next code. I can say with a very high degree of confidence that when APA does draft the next code, the drafters will be very mindful of many issues being raised by social media. Its important to think about ethics from a developmental perspective. As our field evolves, new issues emerge and develop. Not all the questions about social media have crystallized yet. We have to make sure that we have a pretty good sense of the right questions and the right issues before we start setting down the rules. Part of that process is exploring where the potential harms to our clients are. We are just defining the questions, issues, the risks of harm to the client and were going to have to let the process unfold. In the meantime, we have to be aware that these technologies are very powerful and far-reaching and bring with them wonderful benefits, but also potential harms. Stay tuned. As his patient lay unconscious in an emergency room from an overdose of sedatives, psychiatrist Damir Huremovic was faced with a moral dilemma: A friend of the patient had forwarded to Huremovic a suicidal e-mail from the patient that included a link to a Web site and blog he wrote. Should Huremovic go online and check it out, even without his patients consent? Huremovic decided yes; after all, the Web site was in the public domain and it might contain some potentially important information for treatment. When Huremovic clicked on the blog, he found quotations such as this: Death makes angels of us all and gives us wings. A final blog post read: I wish I didnt wake up. Yet as Huremovic continued scanning the patients personal photographs and writings, he began to feel uncomfortable, that perhaps hed crossed some line he shouldnt have. Across the country, therapists are facing similar situations and conflicted feelings. When Huremovic, director of psychosomatic medicine services at Nassau University Medical Center in New York, recounted his vignette last year at an American Psychiatric Association meeting and asked whether others would have read the suicidal mans blog, his audience responded with resounding calls of both yes! and no! One thing was clear: How and when a therapist should use the Internet and even whether he or she should are questions subject to vigorous debate. We are just beginning to understand what ethical issues the Internet is raising, says Stephen Behnke, ethics director for the American Psychological Association. To write rules that allow our field to grow and develop and yet prevent [patient] harm at the same time: Thats the challenge. In fact, the tremendous availability online of personal information threatens to alter what has been an almost sacred relationship between therapist and patient. Traditionally, therapists obtained information about a patient through face-to-face dialogue. If outside information was needed, the therapist would obtain the patients consent to speak with family members or a previous mental-health practitioner. At the same time, patients traditionally knew little about their therapists outside the consulting room. Now, with the click of a mouse, tech-savvy therapists and patients are challenging the old rules and raising serious questions about how much each should know about the other and where lines should be drawn. Among the questions under debate: Should a therapist review the Web site of a patient or conduct an online search without that patients consent? Is it appropriate for a therapist to put personal details about himself on a blog or Web-site or to join Facebook or other social networks? What are the risks of having patients and therapists interact online? Neither the American Psychiatric Association nor the American Psychological Association has rules specifically governing therapists online behavior, but ethics advisers with the psychiatric association maintain that online searches are not wrong as long as theyre done in the patients interest and not out of therapist curiosity. Many therapists contend its more important to discuss such questions than it is to dictate behavior. Its not whether a particular application is right or not, says Sheldon Benjamin, director of neuropsychiatry at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester. Its whether you do it mindfully whether you understand how it changes the doctor-patient relationship. To Google or Not to Google Benjamin, 53, swears by his iPhone and enthusiastically tells of sampling the Internet in its infancy. At the same time, Benjamin, who directs psychiatric training at UMass, advocates caution when it comes to mixing the Internet with therapy. He says he has never searched a patients name online and worries that doing so could dilute the therapeutic process by bringing in information from outside the patient-therapist discussion. When patients have asked Benjamin to read their blogs, he has agreed, with one caveat: that he do so during a regular counseling session. Even if you brought me a disability form, Id fill it out in the room with you, says Benjamin. I was taught to make the time with the patient the time when the work is done. Suena Massey takes a different approach. Massey, 35, an assistant professor of psychiatry at George Washington University Medical Center, considers Googling a patient a valuable professional tool. One of the duties of a psychiatrist is to corroborate what patients say, Massey explains. To that end, online searches can be helpful when traditional approaches obtaining the patients consent to contact his previous psychiatrist or family members are not available. One such case involved a patient who presented with symptoms of mania, a component of bipolar disorder. The man claimed to be well connected in Washington. After their meeting, Massey typed the patients name into a search engine. Up popped postings suggesting that the mans claims were accurate. In a subsequent session Massey told her patient she had Googled him, and he was okay with it. She ended up treating him for bipolar disorder; had his claims been false, she says, she would have considered his condition to be more severe. Massey says she will warn a patient about her possible use of Google searches if she thinks the patient might have a problem with it. You could almost make the argument that its negligent not to search online when there is public information available and it might help treat a patient, she says. If youre just looking things up out of personal interest, I think most doctors would feel uncomfortable with that. Public vs. Private But what happens when the circumstances are reversed? What happens when a patient seeks information about his therapist online or pursues a relationship with his therapist on Facebook, MySpace or via another social network? Most therapists are not alarmed by the idea of a Google search. I know my patients Google me, Massey says. I think its their right as consumers. Some providers anticipate such searches by maintaining Web sites detailing their professional qualifications. However, there can be problems when personal details are available. Take the case of a man who, after developing romantic and erotic feelings toward his therapist, typed her name into a search engine and found a Web site featuring personal photographs of the therapist, including a bathing-suit shot. The man quit treatment and reported the discovery to Behnkes office. He knew the image of his therapist in her bathing suit was going to be so present to him that he wouldnt be able to concentrate on his psychotherapy, Behnke explained in a telephone interview. There was material on the Internet that had an impact on this psychologists clinical work. Behnke cautions therapists to assume that most clients will conduct online searches, and he urges them to make sure they remain vigilant about what gets posted. Although most therapists say its inappropriate to have relationships with patients via social networks, there is little agreement on whether its okay for therapists to join such sites, and, if they do, just how private their information should remain. For Huremovic, 39, social network abstinence is safest. I have an understanding that if you choose to be a psychiatrist and a psychotherapist that you have to be very private in other parts of your social being, he says. But some therapists, especially younger ones for whom using the Internet is a way of life, dont share this view. For instance, psychologist Stephanie Smith, 35, has a Web site, and she has a presence on Twitter. Smith tweets to market her Colorado practice and to allow colleagues and other interested parties to monitor happenings in psychology. Typical posts provide tips for managing stress, announce a recent studys findings or refer followers to psychology blogs. Smith, who says Twitter has increased traffic to her professional Web site, admits to the rare tweet about her children or celebrity news. Its my style, but I know some people would not be comfortable with her disclosure of nonprofessional information, she says. Smith also has a Facebook account for her personal life. After teenage patients discovered that account and sent her friend requests, Smith enacted a policy forbidding past or current clients from engaging her online. She informs new clients of the policy and obligates them to comply. This is the type of problem that UMasss Benjamin wants to avoid. To me, its a much bigger issue than bumping into a patient in a restaurant, he says. Youre putting out there,Hey, these are my contacts. And someone then wants to enter your social circle. It puts you in a position where you must take a stand. Keely Kolmes, a California psychologist who writes and lectures on Internet ethics, recommends that therapists make clear distinctions between their professional and personal lives online. Younger clinicians get the Net but dont completely understand ethical and boundary issues that can come up, she says. A former computer consultant, Kolmes, who is in her early 40s, goes to great lengths to keep her lives separate. On her personal Facebook account, for instance, she does not use a photo of herself on her profile page and she doesnt make reference to her professional name. She also restricts her public tweets and blogs to news of a professional nature. Still, she recognizes that any online sighting of ones therapist changes the dynamic for a patient. A lot of patients really want to think about you as existing in just that one space [of the therapy room,] and suddenly theyre seeing you on Twitter and blogging, she says. They can see that youre online at night posting things. I realize my choice to do that suddenly shifts my relationship with them.